9/15/2023 0 Comments Ben fink 17502![]() The hypothesis is that, if we think of inflammation from an evolutionary point of view, we are now the victims of our own success. On 23 February 2004, Time Magazine dedicated the cover to chronic inflammation with a provocative title: The Secret Killer. Furthermore, a decrease in gut dysbiosis and intestinal leakage after probiotic therapy may minimize the development of inflammatory biomarkers and blunt unnecessary activation of the immune system. In turn, probiotics improve the differentiation of T-cells against Th2 and development of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10. The present narrative review explores the interactions between gut microflora/probiotics and the immune system starting from the general perspective of a biological plausibility to get to the in vitro and in vivo demonstrations of a probiotic-based approach up to the possible uses for novel therapeutic strategies. When LPS binds endothelial cells to toll-like receptors (TLR 2, 4), dendritic cells and macrophage cells are activated, and inflammatory markers are increased. In addition to host gut functions (permeability and physiology), all these agents have profound implications for the gut microbiome composition. The use of probiotics could improve the gut microbial population, increase mucus-secretion, and prevent the destruction of tight junction proteins by decreasing the number of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Diet, age, BMI (body mass index), medications, and stress may confound the benefits of probiotic intake. Changes in gut microbiota can occur through modification in function, composition (dysbiosis), or microbiota–host interplays. Studies on animals and humans show that probiotics can have a pivotal effect on the modulation of immune and inflammatory mechanisms however, the precise mechanisms have not yet been well defined. This microbial community regulates some of the host’s metabolic and physiological functions and drives early-life immune system maturation, contributing to their homeostasis throughout life. A field of great interest is the association of either microbiota or probiotics with the immune system concerning clinical uses. ![]() ![]() On the other hand, to maintain host immune homeostasis, the intestinal microflora often exerts an immunoregulatory function that cannot be ignored. Therefore, the immune system has evolved to sustain the host–microbiota symbiotic relationship. On one side, in cases of opportunistic invasion, the abundant bacterial population inside intestinal tissues may face potential health problems such as inflammation and infections. Hosting millions of microorganisms, the digestive tract is the primary and most important part of bacterial colonization. 2Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.1Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.Both of these processes heighten the depth of the images by building up the surface.Fernanda Cristofori 1, Vanessa Nadia Dargenio 1, Costantino Dargenio 1, Vito Leonardo Miniello 1, Michele Barone 2 and Ruggiero Francavilla 1* I re-render some key compositions in oil on canvas, whereas others are encaustic photographs, meaning that the surface is treated with wax and pigment. The works, as objects, also straddle these mediums. I weave in the romanticism of photographers like Edward Steichen and Julia Margaret Cameron as well as the hypersexual gaze of Robert Mapplethorpe. Renaissance painters like Jan van Eyck, Michelangelo, and Titian inspire the compositions and narrative, and the style is reminiscent of Baroque painters such as Johann Heinrich Schönfeld-Opferszene, Caravaggio, and Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. ![]() The work exists between painting and photography, influenced equally by artists in both disciplines. Each image has an indeterminate narrative quality, which allows viewers to emotionally connect to the work and give it its final shape. This mix of elements creates an out-of-time effect in the works and makes the models godlike. To form the backgrounds of the works, I combine fragments of paintings with my own photographs of landscapes and architectural spaces. These models are seen through an objectifying gaze which simultaneously casts them as hypermasculine while also allowing them to be vulnerable. Through extensive post-production, I put them into settings of epic proportion. I work with models from all walks of life–from doctors to sex workers to other artists. ![]() In my photographs, I transform everyday people into characters in romantic and fantastical modern mythology. ![]()
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